2024年 07月 24日
Marx and Engels: Collected Letters, Volume 2 01
Marx and Engels: Collected Letters, Volume 2 (By Marx and Engels/2012/Shinnihon Shuppansya)
A letter from Engels to Marx：
Engels read the chemical theories of August Wilhelm von Hofmann and others, and reported to Marx that although there were errors, they were an improvement over the previous atomistic theory.
Engels said that although "molecules" are said to be the smallest units of matter, as Hegel also said, "molecules are merely one node (alternate lines) in an infinite series of divisions.
This node does not complete the division, but creates a qualitative distinction.
(We are reading a version translated into Japanese, so please understand that we may not be able to say the English is accurate.)
Engels criticizes Hofmann's claim that "atoms are the smallest units of division," but still states that chemistry continues to progress.
In other words, he says that quantitative change will be transformed into qualitative change, and a new world of matter will be developed.
The accuracy of this idea was proven by the subsequent development of quantum mechanics and particle theory.
Engels read the chemical theories of August Wilhelm von Hofmann and others, and reported to Marx that although there were errors, they were an improvement over the previous atomistic theory.
Engels said that although "molecules" are said to be the smallest units of matter, as Hegel also said, "molecules are merely one node (alternate lines) in an infinite series of divisions.
This node does not complete the division, but creates a qualitative distinction.
(We are reading a version translated into Japanese, so please understand that we may not be able to say the English is accurate.)
Engels criticizes Hofmann's claim that "atoms are the smallest units of division," but still states that chemistry continues to progress.
In other words, he says that quantitative change will be transformed into qualitative change, and a new world of matter will be developed.
The accuracy of this idea was proven by the subsequent development of quantum mechanics and particle theory.
Below is our message.
The natural world is in perpetual motion, movement, and a cycle of creation and destruction.
Even if something appears to have a final form at first glance, it is actually not the final form; to put it simply, it is merely in the process of change and development.
The same is true in the world of film and theater.
The same conventions, forms, and methodologies that have been repeated in the past are not the final answers, so we need to continue experimenting.
It is important to have the perspective to discover new qualitative forms, without staying in one place.
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A new study by researchers at the University of Copenhagen has revealed what happened in the first microseconds of the Big Bang, Approximately 13.9 billion years ago. The rapid expansion gave rise to particles, atoms, stars, galaxies, and life, but the details of how this happened were unknown until now. The researchers focused on the only substance that existed in the first microseconds of the Big Bang: quark-gluon plasma. (2021)
Study reveals new details on what happened during the first microsecond of Big Bang
by kiyubaru2020
| 2024-07-24 23:33
| marx engels eisen
